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. 25.01.2007 16:46 | . . // / . . ; . . – .: (); “ ” (), 2004. C. 39–57.
1. “ ” ( . . – .: , 1977. – . 31) 2. , . -, , . , . , . , , . , “” . , “ , ” ( . . . . 128). , . , : , . , , - [c. 39] , . . . , . . . . , , . : , , , . . , , - . . , , , . . , , , – . . , . , , . . , , . , . (Kuhn 1970, . 94). - , . [c. 40] , . 3. (1922—1994) , , . , . : “ : ” (1957), “ ” (1962, 1970), “ ” (1977) “ , 1894—1912” (1978). “ ” , , . . 50- , . – ( ). – .. (N.R. Hansson), . (S. Toulmin), M. Xecc (M. Hesse) .. (P.K. Feyerabend), , , . (I. Lakatos) . (L. Laudan). . “ ” (1953) . . , , : 1. , -, . , , . , . , . [c. 41] 2. – . , , , , . . 3. , , , . , , . 4. , , . , . (Hansson 1969, . 306), . : . , , . 5. – , , , . , , . , , , ( ). : , . 6. , : , , , , , . , . . . [c. 42] , , , , “ , ” (Kuhn 1977, . 4). 4. – . . : . , , . , , . , , . , . ( Brante 1980).
- , . , “ ”. , , , , , , [c. 44] , . , , , . , , . - (, ), , , . , . . . , - . : “” , “” , , “” , “” , – “” , – “” . . - (open-ended) . , “”. , , “ – , , , , , – , ” ( . . . . 28). , , , . : , . . . [c. 45] . . , . : “ , , , ” ( . . . . 29). , , , , , . , “... [] ” ( . . . . 45). , , , , . “”, -. “” . . . , , . , . , . , , , , . , , . ( ) , ( , ), , , , [c. 46] , , : “ – , – – , , , , ” (Kuhn 1970, . 34). , , , . . , , , , . , , , . , . . . , : “ , , , ” ( . . . . 114). , , . – “ , , . (…) , , . (…) , ” ( . . . . 68). . . , , , . , , , : “ , , - , [c. 47] ( . . . . 80). “ ”. , . , , . , , . , “ () , ” ( . . . . 113). . , . , , , “ ” ( . . . . 116). , -, . , , “ ( ), . , ” ( . . . . 117). . , , , . , , , , - . . : “ , - , , – ” ( . . . . 127). [c. 48] . . , – , . , . . , , . . : 1. . 2. . 3. . , . , . , . ( ) , , . . , , , . . . , : “, , ” ( . . . . 197). , . , . , , (Visual Gestalt shift). “ [c. 49] , ” ( . . . . 121). , : “ , . "", ” ( . . . . 199). . , , . “ , , , ” ( . . . . 151). , . , . . , - “”. , . . 5. . , . , . , . -, , . . , , , - . -, , [c. 50] , . , , , . , . , , . , . , . -, , , , . , . , , , , , , . , , . , – . . , , . -, , . , , , . , . , . , , () . , . , [c. 51] , . , , , , , . - , , . ( ). , , . , , , . , . , , , , , , , . , , . , , , . , -, . , . , . , , . , , , . . “ ” 21 (Masterman 1970, . 61). 1970 ., [c. 52] . , , , : 1. (), , , , : f = ma. , . 2. , , . , “ ” ( . . . . 240). 3. , , , . , , , . , , , - . 4. , , , . , : “ , ” ( . . . . 247). , . , , . , . . , , . , , . [c. 53] , , . . , , . , , , , , , – . , , (Shapere 1980). , . , . , , . , , – , , , . , : , , ? 6. – : , . , , , . , , – , . (Toulmin 1970, . 45). , , “” – , , . , [c. 54] – , (Alexander 1982, . 26). , - , , , , “” . , . , . . , “ ”. , . : ( ) ( ). ( ), . . , , “ ” (Laudan 1984, . 17). (Friedrichs 1970, Ritzer 1975), – . (Eckberg and Hill 1980, p. 131) 14 , 12 , . , , , ; ; . -. [c. 55] , -. – . , . , , - , , , . , , . , , , . (Kuhn 1991, . 24) , - , - . , , . . , , . 7. Alexander J.C. Theoretical Logic // Sociology. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981. Barnes B. T.S. Kuhn and Social Science. London: Macmillan, 1982. Brante T. Vetenskapens struktur och forandring. Lund: Doxa, 1980. Friedrichs R.W. A Sociology of Sociology. New York: The Free Press, 1970. Gutting G. Paradigms & Revolutions. London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1980. Scientific Revolutions /Ed. by I.Hacking. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981. Hansson N.R. Perception and Discovery. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper, & Co., 1969. Johannessen K.S. Tradisjoner og skoler i moderne vitenskapsfilosofi. Bergen: Sigma, 1985. Kuhn Th. The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy and the Development of Western Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1957. Kuhn Th. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970. Kuhn Th. The Essential Tension. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1977. [c. 56] Kuhn Th. Black-Body Theory and Quantum Discontinuity, 1894–1912. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978. Kuhn Th. The Natural and Human Sciences // The Interpretive Turn / Ed. by D.R. Hiley, J.F. Bohman, R. Shusterman. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1991. Criticism & The Growth of Knowledge / Ed. by I. Lakatos, A. Musgrave. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Laudan L. Science and Values. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Masterman M. The Nature of a Paradigm // Criticism & the Growth of Knowledge. Radnitzky G. Contemporary Schools of Metascience. Goteborg: Scandinavian University Press, 1968. Ritzer G. Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science. Boston: Allan & Bacon, 1975. Ritzer G. Toward an Integrated Sociological Paradigm. Boston: Allan & Bacon, 1981. Shapere D. Meaning and Scientific Change // Scientific Revolutions. P. 28–59. Toulmin S. The Philosophy of Science. London: Hutchinson, 1953. Toulmin S. Does the Distinction between Normal and Revolutionary Science Hold Water? // Criticism & the Growth of Knowledge. [c. 57] : . - . - . - - - : . - . - . - - - . : >> |
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